Emax of solid fatty acids was shown to depend on their melting points, an important parameter to the effectiveness of the enhancers. Admin-November 8, 2019. This has consequences for their attitude towards health insurers and pharmacy personnel. They are now being ardently explored as potential carriers for sustained and targeted drug delivery. Pharmaceutics is the discipline of pharmacy that deals with the process of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) or old drugs into a medication to be used safely and effectively by patients. © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. Periodic iontophoresis did not show any significant difference in insulin permeation compared with continuous current application; 1:1 on/off ratio resulted in higher amount of insulin permeation, while flux was highest with mixed duty cycle. We demonstrated that viscoelastic parameters were four times higher for ointment tacalcitol than for calcipotriol and calcitriol, corresponding to a higher consistency of ointment tacalcitol compared to calcipotriol and calcitriol showing both similar results; better fluidity was demonstrated by calcitriol than by tacalcitol and calcipotriol. Differential scanning calorimetry performed on the diluent with 5.13% moisture showed that the added water was bound as the crystalline hydrate. The lipids contained in the lamellar bodies are derived from both epidermal lipid synthesis and extracutaneous sources. The Pharmaceutical Industry and The Process of Drug Discovery. Optical visible microscopy images indicated possible phase separation in the ointment and, based on the results presented by distribution concentration maps from infrared imaging, it was possible to conclude that, in fact, there was phase separation incorporated in the ointment. The effects of a number of penetration enhancers such as Azone, N-methylpyrrolidone, propylene glycol and oleic acid on the percutaneous absorption of heparin sodium salt through excised human skin were investigated. Pharmacists should act as a counterforce to the marketing of prescription drug products directly to consumers. The data derived were used to indicate a method for determining instrumental rheological conditions for use in routine industrial control procedures and a spreadability screening test for application during innovative work prior to field trials. In the extracellular space, the lamellar body lipids are metabolized by enzymes to the lipids that form the lamellar membranes. The absorptive features of a series of paste preparations were studied in a simple experimental setting. Despite their majoritarily liquid composition, these systems demonstrate the appearance and rheological behaviour of solids. A subsequent focus is placed on the application of organogels as drug delivery platforms for active agent administration via diverse routes such as transdermal, oral, and parenteral. Values of AUC0–6 h and MRT of LID after administration of double-phased suppositories to rabbits were larger than those for single-phased suppositories with or without CP. Experimental K(P) values were found to be the same order of magnitude as predicted by the mathematical models. Topical application of physiologic lipids can improve permeability barrier homeostasis and has been useful in the treatment of cutaneous disorders. Thus, DMSO at low concentrations (0.1-0.5%) exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in the in vitro intestinal Caco-2 cell model. The permeation of insulin was found to increase as a function of current strength and duration of current application. Pharmaceutics 1.pdf download File type: File File size: 168 KB Uploaded: 2011-09-27 File URL: Last viewed: 2016-05-19: What is 2shared? However, the effects of DMSO on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) production in the presence of an inflammatory environment as in the case of disordered wound healing has not been previously investigated. (b) Time profile of a one-compartment model showing log C p versus time. Pharmacy: The word pharmacy is derived from the Greek word “Pharmakon”, meaning medicine or drug. An increase in the concentration of drug and enhancer in the donor cell accentuated the permeability coefficient of LHCl. This has been of interest in the pharmaceutical sciences in order to enhance localised drug delivery, or to deliver 'difficult' molecules (proteins and oligonucleotides) into the systemic circulation. Such variability in skin permeability suggests a difference in CF permeation kinetics relative to the parabens. Books of physical pharmaceutics by C ramasamy & r manavalan, cvs subramanyam . The data from this case suggest that the reversible acute renal failure caused by propylene glycol is attributable to proximal renal tubular cell injury. Many approaches have been employed to breach the skin barrier, of which, the most widely used one is that of chemical penetration enhancers. We first feel the need to argue our “case” for greater engagement between sociology and pharmacy practice research. In an attempt to restrict drug absorption from suppositories to only the lower rectum, mucoadhesive lidocaine (LID) suppositories were prepared using Witepsol® H-15 as a base, and Carbopol® 934P (CP) and white beeswax (WAX) as additives. We aim to achieve this through an exploration of the ways in which sociological, The Three-Stage Model was used to develop nine units to teach principles advocated in The Seven Habits of Highly Successful People in a required pharmacy management course. Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design, Ansel's pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems: Tenth edition, A systematic evaluation of the: Compression and tablet characteristics of various types of lactose and dibasic calcium phosphate, An attempt at explaining the variability of the compression capacity of lactose, The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Gelrite and Agar Differently Influence Cytokinin-Sensitivity of a Moss, A Feasibility study for the Development of a Prospective Compaction Functionality test and the Establishment of a Compaction data BANK, The relationship between bulk density and compactibility of lactose granulations, An Investigation of the Effect of High Speed Mixing on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of Direct Compression Lactose, Effect of Moisture Content on Compression Properties of Directly Compressible High Beta-Content Anhydrous Lactose, In vitro Antioxidant and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activities of Methanolic Extract of Grewia nervosa L. (Family: Tiliaceae) Leaf, What & “Care” Can Mean for Pharmaceutical Ethics, Formación clínica para el cuidado farmacéutico, Publisher: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. = 1.4 × 103) increased appre ciably during iontophoresis application, and the fluxes were proportional to the current density applied. Perceptions of research in general were measured using 4 items on a five-point semantic-differential scale and attitudes towards pharmacy practice research were measured using 16 items on a five-point Likert scale. The lower melting forms of both penetration enhancers possessed the highest solubility in every vehicle. HPLC-UV method was established to determine the concentration of l-THP in samples. This study confirmed the acceptability and effectiveness of satranidazole gel for treatment of periodontitis. Although 2% menthol crystal or 5% eucalyptus oil was effective as a natural penetration enhancer when used alone, the average penetration rate reached only half of that of 8% azone. Attitudinal outcomes were evaluated using eight items comprising a composite outcome scale. The process of liberation was studied by a continuous through-flow method, with Hanson vertical diffusion cell. Packaging of Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Products, Vehicle effect on topical drug delivery. The selected formulations (based on the mucoadhesive force) were studied for different mechanical properties, such as mucoadhesive strength, hardness, compressibility, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness through Texture Profile Analyzer. Two studies showed that benefits are similar to those of oral diclofenac, with one study demonstrating statistical equivalence. Future research should investigate changes in perceptions and attitudes in a single cohort over the four-year degree, other factors influencing students' perceptions and attitudes, and evaluate the effectiveness of research promoting strategies and programs. On the other hand, the initial plasma metabolites concentrations after administration of double-phased suppositories were significantly lower and tended to exhibit delayed Tmax compared to single-phased suppositories. Chapter 6 – Dissolution. Mainly, they include iontophoresis, electrophoresis, sonophoresis, chemical permeation enhancers, microneedles, and vesicular system (liposomes, niosomes, elastic liposomes such as ethosomes and transfersomes). are composed of petrolatum, zinc oxide and starch. The studies construed better regulation of plasma drug levels with the optimized formulation vis-à-vis routine once-a-day administration of cyclosporine. The amount of drug released depended on the composition of the base and the concentration of sorbic acid employed. According to the dictionary pharmacy is defined as “the art and science of preparing and dispending drug” pharmacy is a health profession concerned specifically with the knowledge of drugs and wisdom in their uses. Saturated suspensions of the model penetrants; methyl paraben (MP), butyl paraben (BP) and caffeine (CF) in deionised water (vehicle) were used to attain maximal thermodynamic activity. 0. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding comparison of the mean values of the hippocampal neuronal cell counts and the carotid artery diameters in both acute and chronic stages. FTIR and CD spectroscopy ratified the conformational stability of cyclosporine in the formulation and in vitro release samples, respectively. Pharmaceutical analysis is a branch of practical chemistry that involves a series of process for identification, determination, qualification, separation of the components of a solution or mixture, or determination of structure of chemical compounds. The optimized test conditions were found to be as follows: the amount of material to be compacted was calculated to produce a compact with a true volume of 0.25ml; internal lubricant with magnesium stearate at a concentration of 0.5%; standard 10.3mm, flat-faced, round BB tooling; constant punch velocities of 100mm/s and 300mm/s; and a pressure range of 25 to 550MPa. Rheological properties of the formulations, assessed under isothermal conditions, showed dilatant behavior of all the formulations. The links are not working Please help. The ability of nanoparticles to manipulate the molecules and their structures has revolutionized the conventional drug delivery system. Maximum stratum corneum uptake was obtained from formulations containing the lower melting forms of each enhancer in 60% w/w propylene glycol systems (highest concentration used). • Practice applying material using the group and individual activities in Applying the Principles and Concepts sections in every chapter. Inhibition of cholesterol, fatty acid, ceramide, or glucosylceramide synthesis adversely affects lamellar body formation, thereby impairing barrier homeostasis. Chapter 5 – Bioavailability and bioequivalence. Skin occlusion is a complex event which causes profound changes in the hydration status, epidermal lipids, DNA synthesis, microbioal flora and molecular and cellular processes. Iontophoretic transport of rotigotine across human stratum corneum (HSC) was studied in vitro in side by side diffusion cells according to the following protocol: 6 h of passive diffusion, 9 h of iontophoresis followed by 5 h of passive diffusion. The hydrophilic three-phase pastes or cream pastes show considerable water uptake and fulfil common expectations of pastes to dry the skin. The studies construed better pharmacodynamic response for the two optimized formulations in controlling the blood glucose levels vis-à-vis routine once-a-day administration of insulin. The increasing in the amount of the thiol conjugates was found to enhance the elasticity, cohesiveness, adhesiveness and mucoadhesion of the gel formulations but not their hardness and compressibility when compared to gels prepared using their respective parent formulations. The right common carotid artery bifurcation was exposed through a midline neck incision, and then except those of the control group animals (n=5), the experimental material (normal saline, n=5 or anhydrous DMSO, n=10) was infused into the internal carotid artery of the Wistar albino rats. The explanation incorporates a number of stories, from an ancient myth of Care to modem vignettes of pharmacists. The time to C(max) ranged from 2.7 to 4.0 hours and was similar for gel treatments on the back and arm, but no longer for the knee treatment. Recently, various strategies have been used to augment the transdermal delivery of bioactives. Rates of shear were found to vary from approximately 400 to 2500 sec.−1 depending on the consistency of the preparation being spread; a rheological master curve was determined. In this work, a study of the homogeneity of a tacrolimus ointment dosage form was performed using infrared imaging spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution with alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) to interpret the imaging data. Little variation is observed between the intergranular porosities of the granule fractions. It was established that the partitioning released drug was the most important step of drug release. In the in vivo absorption study in rats, several suppositories made from Witepsol H15-HB750 or Witepsol H15-beeswax mixed bases prolonged the rectal absorption of AAP without reducing AUC. Either menthol oil or menthol crystal combined with 8% azone is effective on transdermal penetration of l-THP in vitro. The lipids are delivered to the extracellular space by the secretion of lamellar bodies, which contain phospholipids, glucosylceramides, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and enzymes. A volatile solvent system was used to deposit fatty acids on HEM surface to compare fatty acid enhancer efficiency in topical volatile formulations with Emax. The rate of release increased in the following order: ointment < o/w emulsion < w/o emulsion. The most commonly used fillers for tablets and capsules are lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, and dibasic calcium phosphate(DCP) (1). Succeed in your course with the most comprehensive source on pharmaceutical dosage forms and drug delivery systems available today. Thus, infrared imaging spectroscopy associated to PCA and MCR-ALS is demonstrated to be a powerful tool for the development process of ointment dosage forms. The changes that are evidenced in these properties are found to be specific to each grade of lactose and it is recommended that due consideration be given to the effects of incorporating such a process if inter-batch tablet variation is to be avoided. Among these strategies transferosomes appear promising. The fraction of dose excreted in urine as total S and R enantiomers ranged from 5.41 to 9.10%. DMSO at 0.5% decreased significantly mRNA levels of 14 proteins involved in the inflammatory response (including IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β, and COX-2). The enhancement induced by ultrasound is particularly significant at low-frequencies (f<100 kHz, low-frequency sonophoresis). The aim of this study was to investigate whether TNF-α-induced MMP-9 levels and MMP-9 mRNA expression from human keratinocytes (HaCaT) might be attenuated by DMSO. 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